The Impact of GNI per Capita on the Prevalence and Incidence of Anxiety and Depressive Disorders
A Global Analysis Using GBD 2023 Data
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.57213/medlab.v5i2.573Keywords:
Depression, Global Burden, Mental Health Policies, National Income, Socioeconomic DisparitiesAbstract
Mental health disorders, particularly depression and anxiety, continue to contribute significantly to the global burden of disease and disability. Socioeconomic inequality, especially differences in Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, is considered an important determinant influencing mental health outcomes across countries and regions. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between GNI per capita and the prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders globally using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2023 database. A descriptive ecological study design was employed using secondary data from 187 countries and regions. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation analysis, and regional comparative analysis with ANOVA. The findings demonstrated substantial regional disparities in mental health burden and income distribution. Africa showed the highest average prevalence of depression, while Asia exhibited the greatest variability in anxiety disorders. A statistically significant negative correlation was found between depression and income levels (r = -0.213; p = 0.003), indicating that lower-income countries tend to experience higher levels of depression. In contrast, the relationship between anxiety and income was weak and not statistically significant (r = -0.079; p = 0.281), suggesting that anxiety disorders may also be influenced by social, cultural, and structural factors beyond economic conditions. Significant regional differences were also identified for both depression and income levels. These findings highlight the importance of addressing socioeconomic inequalities and strengthening mental health systems, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Integrating mental health services into primary healthcare and implementing multisectoral policies that combine economic development, social protection, and accessible healthcare are essential strategies for reducing the global burden of mental disorders and improving population well-being.
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